National Counselor Exam (NCE)

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, what does the focus on avoiding punishment signify?

1. Conventional level

2. Postconventional level

3. Preconventional level

4. Autonomous level

The correct answer is: Preconventional level

The focus on avoiding punishment in Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characteristic of the preconventional level. At this stage, individuals primarily make moral decisions based on the consequences of their actions, particularly the desire to avoid negative outcomes such as punishment. This is a foundational level of moral reasoning where the emphasis is on self-interest and direct consequences rather than broader societal norms or ethical principles. In the preconventional level, moral reasoning is often based on immediate physical or tangible outcomes. For example, a child may refrain from stealing a cookie because they fear punishment rather than understanding the moral implications of stealing. This self-centered perspective is crucial for initial moral development as it lays the groundwork for more advanced stages of moral reasoning that involve considering the perspectives of others and the larger society. In contrast, the other levels (conventional and postconventional) focus on understanding societal rules and values or developing a personal moral compass based on abstract principles, which moves beyond the mere avoidance of punishment.